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"The Broken Ladder" is an splendid book that examines what inequality does to the states as people. Psychologist Keith Payne examines how inequality changes how we experience the world and makes utilize of the latest insights in psychology, neuroscience and behavioral science to illustrate such changes. This insightful 252-page book includes the post-obit nine chapters: 1. Lunch Lady Economics: Why Feeling Poor Hurts Li
The Broken Ladder: How Inequality Affects the Way We Think, Live, and Die by Keith Payne"The Cleaved Ladder" is an excellent volume that examines what inequality does to the states as people. Psychologist Keith Payne examines how inequality changes how we experience the world and makes use of the latest insights in psychology, neuroscience and behavioral science to illustrate such changes. This insightful 252-page book includes the following 9 chapters: 1. Lunch Lady Economics: Why Feeling Poor Hurts Similar Being Poor, 2. Relatively Easy: Why We Can't Stop Comparing Ourselves to Others, 3. Poor Logic: Inequality Has a Logic of Its Own, 4. The Right, the Left, and the Ladder: How Inequality Divides Our Politics, 5. Long Lives and Tall Tombstones: Inequality Is a Matter of Life and Decease, half dozen. God, Conspiracies, and the Language of the Angels: Why People Believe What They Need to Believe, vii. Inequality in Blackness and White: The Dangerous Dance of Racial and Economic Inequality, 8. The Corporate Ladder: Why Fair Pay Signals Fair Play, and 9. The Fine art of Living Vertically: Flatter Ladders, Comparing with Care, and the Things That Matter Virtually.
Positives:
1. Engaging, well-written, well-researched volume that is accessible to the masses.
2. An important and timely hot-button topic in the masterful hands of Keith Payne, how inequality affects us.
3. Skilful use of charts and diagrams to complement the excellent narrative.
iv. Does a great job of describing primal concepts of the volume. "Over the years, hundreds of studies have replicated the Lake Wobegon outcome. The studies show that most of us believe we are above average in intelligence, persistence, conscientiousness, badminton, and just nearly any other positive quality. The more than we value the trait, the more than we overrate ourselves with respect to information technology."
5. Makes slap-up use of multiple disciplines like psychology, neuroscience, and behavioral sciences to illustrate primal points. Here he makes use of evolution, "The discovery that capuchin monkeys are balky to receiving unequal outcomes, much like humans, suggests that these tendencies are evolved rather than learned."
6. Making clear what poverty and wealth truly are. "poverty and wealth are always relative to what other people have in a item time and identify."
7. The keys to inequality. "Poverty concerns what a person has or lacks, while inequality describes how coin is distributed, charting the distance between the haves and have-nots."
8. Describes the impact of poor environments. "In short, poor environments cause poor outcomes, as a lack of resources leads to a lack of opportunity."
9. Interesting section on the differences between liberals and conservatives. "The first and most obvious is that conservatives generally desire to preserve tradition and the status quo, while liberals want to see changes in society." "The second fundamental distinction between conservatives and liberals is their willingness to take inequality." "In study later on study, subjects who meet the world every bit a threatening and dangerous place tend to be more politically conservative. Those who see the world as prophylactic, and who are motivated by exploring and trying new experiences, tend to back up more liberal views."
ten. Interesting observations. "Sociologist Robb Willer analyzed presidential approval ratings between 2001 and 2004 and found that whenever the terror alert increased, so, too, did blessing ratings for President Bush." "Taken together, these observations suggest that the ascension in inequality that has occurred over the past few decades might be contributing to increasingly intense partisanship and political conflict."
11. The role of relative status examined. "Every bit nosotros expected based on the role of relative status, the college-status group wanted to cut taxes and reduce redistribution, and the lower-status group wanted to increase taxes and benefits for future generations of players."
12. Examines the feeling of superiority. "This research was the first to show that feeling superior in status magnifies our feeling that nosotros run into reality every bit it is while our opponents are deluded. It supports the idea that every bit the summit and the bottom of the social ladder drift further apart, our politics will become more than divisive. That is exactly what has happened over the past several decades."
13. Interesting factoids spruced throughout the book. "In the U.S., states with higher inequality tend to have shorter life expectancies."
fourteen. Fascinating and heart-opening look at stress. "Stress does not create new energy; information technology simply redirects it: When the stress response gives a heave in one area, it has to have something away somewhere else. In the confront of the potential emergency stirring in the grass, your trunk shuts downward all unnecessary functions. The glucose and proteins that flood your bloodstream are now being taken away from long-term projects like cell sectionalisation, maintenance, and repair and redirected to the muscles." "Indeed, studies have shown that people with lower incomes tend to have higher levels of stress hormones, like cortisol and adrenaline, in their bloodstreams."
15. An test of conspiracy theories. "To believe in a conspiracy, you lot trade a chip of your belief that the earth is good, off-white, and just in exchange for the conviction that at least someone—anyone—has everything nether command."
16. The relation between organized religion and inequality. "Highly unequal countries were much more religious than more equal ones."
17. Examines how widening income inequality fuels racial prejudice and how racial stereotypes are used to justify and preserve that inequality. "The white applicant was called back twice as frequently as the equally qualified black applicant. Like studies take been repeated with the aforementioned results in New York, Chicago, Atlanta, and other cities. They have besides been replicated in areas other than employment. Black renters are much more likely than equally qualified white renters to be told in that location are no vacant apartments. Black shoppers are offered less favorable deals on cars and higher interest rates on mortgages than as qualified whites. Antiblack bias is alive and well in twenty-first-century America." "The researchers found that the "blacker" the inmates looked, the longer they were sentenced for identical offenses. Those virtually the top of the scale for "blackness" were sentenced between 7 and eight months longer than those near the bottom.
18. Provocative statements. "Many people simply don't feel very motivated to support fighting poverty when they imagine that minorities will be the beneficiaries."
19. Sports inequality, who knew? "The teams with the greatest levels of pay inequality performed worse than those with less inequality." Interesting.
20. A final chapter that brings information technology all together. "Inequality affects our behavior, and differences in behavior can magnify inequality."
21. Key suggestions made. "Reducing inequality, similarly, has the potential to accost scores of bug at once. Merely that requires moving away from seeing inequality through a moralizing lens. Instead, I believe we have to view inequality as a public health problem." "Performance in real life depends on ability, effort, and gamble."
Negatives:
ane. I don't concur with every assertion. Consider, "And the method works. Individuals who are religious tend to be happier and less anxious—nearly both life and decease—than those who are not. Some belief systems provide comfort and reassurance in means that ordinary thinking cannot." Comfort yep but happier? There is a keen book called Society Without God by Phil Zuckerman that would contest such determination.
2. Notes were not linked, thus not taking advantage of the power of electronic books.
three. No formal bibliography.
4. Every bit with most books of this ilk, much more than time is spent analyzing the ills than the cure.
In summary, what a fun, stimulating book this was. Payne hits a homerun past focusing on the many ways that inequality impacts our society. The findings are compelling and his suggestions are persuasive. A high recommendation!
Further suggestions: "Toxic Inequality" by Thomas M. Shapiro, "A Colony In A Nation" by Chris Hayes, "Winner-Take All Politics" by Jacob Southward. Hacker, "Screwed the Undeclared State of war Against the Heart Class" by Thom Hartmann, "The Monster: How a Gang of Predatory Lenders and Wall Street Bankers Fleeced America…" by Michael W. Hudson, "White Rage" by Carol Anderson, "Perfectly Legal…" by David Cay Johnston, "This Fight Is Our Fight" by Elizabeth Warren, "The Looting of America" by Les Leopold and "The Great American Stickup" by Robert Scheer.
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The writer examined how levels of inequality influence political choices. He noted that conservatives and liberals differ in two basic means. Conservatives wish to preserve tradition while liberals would like to come across alter in society (page 85). Secondly, conservatives are more accepting of inequality because they come across it as beingness a reward for an individual's effort, talent, etc. Liberals tend to view inequality as a effect of a flawed system rather than merely as testify of private endeavor. In other words, conservatives focus on the private; liberals focus on the arrangement. To take this a step further, people who come across the globe as threatening and dangerous then prefer the rubber of the status quo and are unremarkably conservative. People who see the world as safer and as a place to explore tend to be liberal (folio 95). Another interesting finding is that if you lot experience yourself to be better off than others in your gild (whether this is true or but your perception), you are more likely to vote Republican. If you feel yourself to exist poorer than others, you will probably vote Democrat. Also, the tendency for the rich to vote Republican is stronger in poorer states. (page 105) There is some other rather unpleasant finding: if yous see yourself as more successful than those around you, you will also see yourself every bit smarter and will think that those who disagree with you are just morons.
Not just exercise places with higher inequality have poorer wellness outcomes, people in these places take shorter lives. The reasons have to exercise with feelings of continual stress, causing inflammation and chronic disease. (This is one reason the Usa, although a wealthy state, has shorter life expectancies than similar developed nations. In fact, life expectancy in the Usa is quite a flake shorter than it is in Canada, a much more egalitarian state.)
Another discussion I found interesting was about studies which show that more unequal countries are more than religious, regardless of their wealth. On a nautical chart shown on folio 149, you can run across that the USA, while very high in average income, is still also high (unusually so) in religious belief (any belief---not whatever certain religion). There is a chapter devoted to the effects of racism on inequality, and ane on how egalitarian workplaces differ from those which are very hierarchical. (In corporate structures which are very hierarchical, people taking management suffer far more stress than their managers do.) Pay inequality is too discussed, with special attending paid to the fact that the gap between what CEOs and rank-and-file workers brand is widening to an alarming degree. He gave results from studies that showed that when people feel themselves to be treated unfairly, they often "even the score" by slacking off or by stealing. The ratio of CEO pay to ordinary worker pay is now 350 to 1! As the author says on page 195, "The farthermost inequality seen today in CEO pay is likely to undermine job satisfaction, team performance, and production quality. It may inspire workers to slack off, steal, and sabotage. These tendencies have probably been kept in check, and then far, past the full general lack of sensation of how diff the pay scales really are."
In a last chapter, he offers advice on how to handle the sort of unequal club in which we in the Usa now live. He says, "The feelings of insecurity cued past poverty, together with like shooting fish in a barrel united states of america-versus-them divisions fostered by inequality, provoke us to embrace simplistic behavior, extreme ideologies, and prejudices that provide piece of cake answers, but do so by sabotaging the salubrious performance of ceremonious gild." (page 199) Further, "...the poor are driven by a more immediate and critical gear up of incentives. Their lives involve daily crises, which they effort to cope with using the best brusk-term crisis management responses they have available. They have long since abandoned conforming to the economist's vision of rational responses to incentives and accept replaced them with reactions aimed at keeping heads above h2o. Admonitions to outset pulling up bootstraps ring hollow when you lot live in that world". (page 200) He continues on page 203: "The necessity of seriously against inequality and not just fabric poverty suggests the startling decision that we cannot simply grow our way out of our electric current predicament. But equally people oftentimes misfile inequality with poverty, they often confuse the goal of reducing inequality with the goal of fostering economical growth. But the findings on the critical role played by inequality itself---on health, decision making, political and social divisions---argue that economic growth is non sufficient." Folio 206: Reducing inequality, similarly, has the potential to address scores of problems at once. But that requires moving away from seeing inequality through a moralizing lens. Instead, I believe we have to view inequality as a public health problem." Pages 207-8: "...greater inequality was linked to longer lives when comparing countries, likewise as when comparison across us. These statistics suggest that reducing income inequality from the rates of Kentucky or Louisiana to the rates of Iowa or Utah could transform the lives of millions of people."
Finally, he advises not comparing yourself with your neighbors or with those whom y'all perceive as meliorate off. Rather, recollect of things that really affair to you and of your blessings. Onetime-fashioned communication, after all.
I heartily recommend this book. Information technology volition give you lots to call back nearly and perhaps provide some insights on the world in which we live. ...more than
The tensions that exist betwixt the haves and have-nots in gild accept driven conflicts f
The Broken Ladder has convinced me that inequality is the most serious threat to civil society. Author Keith Payne describes the incredible scope of the issue, from feelings of injustice, self-destructive conclusion making, rising polarization, and inflations of status, with engaging prose, relevant psychology studies, and interesting personal stories. The book is compact, informative, and easily accessible.The tensions that exist betwixt the haves and have-nots in society take driven conflicts for centuries. As we enter into an era of well-nigh unfathomable income inequality (CEO salaries are 350 times larger than the average worker's!), understanding how this gap affects individuals, teams, communities, and nations is essential. I believe that The Broken Ladder should be required reading for all policy makers, leaders, and those working in both the public and private sector. So, basically everyone.
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It begins by demonstrating how people are naturally prone to compare themselves to one some other. Through reporting on a diverseness of scient
This volume was a quick read. Information technology posits that inequality is at the root of many issues present in the societies of those countries that nearly exhibit it. Its basic thesis is compelling; the idea is that absolute wealth is not the key indicator. Rather, it is how people experience relative to ane some other that fosters feelings of inequality and unhealthy social comparisons.It begins by demonstrating how people are naturally decumbent to compare themselves to one another. Through reporting on a variety of scientific experiments, it tries to drive dwelling house the point that feelings of relative poverty encourage us to call back from a more short-term perspective, brand riskier choices, and generally cede longer-term well-being. This presents a mix of pretty interesting experiments, and others that I felt were a trivial too far afield (e.g., studies on mice) to actually warrant inclusion in the book.
I plant the thesis disarming, and I was probably virtually engaged with the chapter concerning how this behavior plays out in the concern world. This section discusses how inequality in the workplace relates closely to perceived fairness, and when people feel unfairly treated, they tend to get less productive and in some cases work against the company. Information technology suggested keeping hierarchies flatter and curtailing the now-enormous gap between employee and executive pay.
It concludes with good suggestions about how to cope with inequality in everyday life, such as remembering your good fortune relative to others, and focusing on your core values that likely have little to practice with status. Overall I'd recommend it.
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1. I recognize inequality as an immutable fact of human beingness and don't believe it's the role of society to ensure equal outcomes for all (but equal opportunities);
2. I recognize the role of luck (at present called privilege) in my life and that of others, including both good and bad luck. Once again, information technology's not social club's role to correct for luck.
Additionally, there are two major issues with the book:
one. The author approaches the topic of i
1. I recognize inequality as an immutable fact of human existence and don't believe information technology'due south the role of society to ensure equal outcomes for all (but equal opportunities);
2. I recognize the function of luck (at present chosen privilege) in my life and that of others, including both good and bad luck. Again, it'due south not society's part to right for luck.
Additionally, in that location are two major problems with the book:
ane. The writer approaches the topic of inequality with a bias;
2. The author is a "social scientist," a psychologist, and bases his conclusions on psychological studies. Every bit someone with graduate degrees in "social sciences," I recognize the limitations of the toolkit available to researchers.
With those caveats stated, I believe this book has merit for two reasons:
1. The author attempts to overcome his bias;
two. He offers solutions to the issues he identifies that are not entirely unrealistic (unrealistic assumptions are those that fall along the lines of "rich people are bad and we need to take their money and give it to the poor people, who are adept, and anybody volition be happy").
Every bit long equally you lot know what you lot're getting, this is an interesting book and worth the fourth dimension.
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The book succinctly addressed 3 things in particular that feel dead-on to me:
Re: Implicit bias: "This is the paradox of implicit bias, where actions ar
The book succinctly addressed three things in particular that feel dead-on to me:
Re: Implicit bias: "This is the paradox of implicit bias, where actions are uncoupled from intentions, and we don't know where to aim our moral outrage."
Re: systemic failure or private culpability: "When people debate between individual behavior and systemic factors every bit the source of inequality, as if the issue were an either-or argue, they are missing the point. Inequality affects our behavior, and differences in behavior can magnify inequality."
Re: the Trumpian phenomenon (in the context of expiry rates for middle-class white Americans being on the rise): "This demographic group is dying of violated expectations. Although high school-educated whites brand more money on boilerplate than similarly educated blacks, the whites wait more because of their history of privilege."
The main have-aways are:
- Our behavior is not affected by how wealth/poor we are, but by how wealth/poor we
This is a very interesting book. It tackles the consequence of inequality and tries to explicate how it affects people beliefs. It is actually well-written and equally subject, brings very interesting reflections that kinds of bear on how we reason nearly several aspects of life such as public policies, moral justification of inequality (i.e. "that person is poor, because he is lazy") and social mobility.The main accept-aways are:
- Our behavior is not afflicted by how wealth/poor we are, simply by how wealth/poor nosotros are related to others.
- We unconsciously compare ourselves to others.
- When we notice this inequality and we are in the low end of the spectrum, we feel that we are in an uncontrolled and incertitude environment, which makes we act more focus on short-term rewards instead of long-term interest (which is supported by experiments and explained by evolution).
- Racism has an effect similar to inequality, that is, the being of racism is a factor that makes people feel the unequal, fifty-fifty when in material terms, they might be equal.
- The relation of wealth and happiness saturates later on a value ($70k for USA), which ways that gaining wealth after this point, does non improve happiness (on average).
- Inequality correlates better with law-breaking-rate, low mobility, school dropout than poverty
- Thinking near purpose and personal values may have a blocking effect of inequality.
- People naturally have a sense of fairness and may avoid college reward situations when they feel they are treated in an unfair fashion.
In resume, the volume presents a very interesting scientific exploration of the inequality topic that makes me reflect virtually the way we face up society problems.
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Second, while I liked the premise and was interested in the general topic of inequality, I found the execution rather tiresome and repetitive. This is a dump of a summary of psychological studies. All of them interesting, merely after a while they end upward being tedious and ho-hum.
First, this doesn't piece of work equally an sound book with all the references to charts and graphs that yous evidently cannot see. You take to imagine scales, shades, etc. Nonsense.Second, while I liked the premise and was interested in the general topic of inequality, I institute the execution rather slow and repetitive. This is a dump of a summary of psychological studies. All of them interesting, but after a while they stop up being deadening and tiresome.
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Some of the facts were thought provoking (such as lack of opportunity leading to risky behaviour), but the personal opinions could have been left out and some of the graphics were almost illegible.
Overall rating 3.five
There were even some fascinating studies that show that liberals
This is worth the read as a quick, accessible primer on inequality. Payne provides an overview of many fascinating studies about how inequality affects individuals and order, showing that loftier levels of inequality are related to loftier levels of polarization, racial prejudice, unhappiness, and more. Extreme economic inequality is a common denominator for then many public policy problems, including education, health, crime, and housing.At that place were even some fascinating studies that prove that liberals and conservatives may have more in common than it's easy to think. As one case, in Chapter 9, I learned that when surveyed, people thought CEOs should ideally only be paid between iv-5 times the average worker; liberals leaned closer to 4 times, conservatives closer to five times. Participants estimated that in fact CEOs are paid around 30 times more than, revealing gross ignorance of the much larger actual ratio of CEO to worker pay of 350:1.
Overall, I concur with Payne'southward decision that income inequality in the US should be treated similar a public health issue, as this fits nicely into the medical anthropology perspective that I accept. Yet, throughout the book, Payne tries to detect common basis between theories of poverty that emphasize behavior and that emphasize environment. At that place is definitely a feedback loop between the two, and while I agree with almost of what he says, I do feel like for as much as he discusses how poverty changes behavior, he doesn't spend plenty fourth dimension exploring how poverty constrains bureau. This could exist explained by looking at David Brady'due south (2019) article "Theories of the Causes of Poverty"... it seems to me that Payne discusses behaviorist and structuralist theories but doesn't spend enough time illustrating the difference between what Brady calls structuralist and political theories.
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What those effectually you have impacts on your own perception of your own wealth and so your wealth perception which impacts your health and well existence.
Very United states of america centric. At times very simplistic and repetitive. A few interesting points most wealth inequality and the bear upon information technology can have. I think I've come across a few of these ideas earlier in diverse popular civilisation/economics books.
Actually, I'd re
People consider that they demand three times more than what they currently earn to consider themselves well off.What those around you have impacts on your own perception of your own wealth and then your wealth perception which impacts your health and well being.
Very US axial. At times very simplistic and repetitive. A few interesting points about wealth inequality and the affect it can take. I think I've come across a few of these ideas earlier in diverse pop culture/economics books.
Actually, I'd recommend Alain De Botton'south Status Feet over this volume:
https://www.goodreads.com/volume/evidence/2...
"If our response to inequality is shaped by our need for status, then inequality is not simply a matter of how much money nosotros accept; it's about where we stand compared with other people"
So, what is it nigh being built-in poor? You tin can ascent out of the lower eye class, attain wealth and success, just your mentality is largely shaped by how you grew up. Equally Payne says, feeling poor matters, not just being poor.
Why is it so piece of cake to identify other people's social status? It's kid'due south play for about of us, considering subconsciously information technology's ingrained in u.s.a. somewhere. It's not about having coin and not beingness able to school but what if you lot have the bones money to go to school but go judged on the kind of wearing apparel you wear to school. That's a big problem that exposes the gap betwixt the haves and the have-nots.
Inequality affects us in a lot of ways:
one. Our Politics
ii. Our logic
3. How we are influenced by brusque term gains over long term benefits.
4. How nosotros compare ourselves at piece of work (where inequality reigns rampant)
5. How we crave status. How we want to be perceived past others plays a big function.
Payne also explains why information technology's hard for a lot of people who are stuck in poverty to come out of their existing situation to move on to better lives. They actually require an escape velocity to move to a meliorate life and when they practice that, they kind of lose their identity with the roots and in that location is no coming dorsum at all. That's really hard for virtually people.
This book made a lot of sense at multiple levels. As inequality increases, and as the rich get richer, the poor are only getting poorer. Payne correctly points out that trying to solve inequality is not almost bringing socialism into play. As a society, information technology's on everyone to figure out a way to reduce inequality.
This book is an absolute centre opener and a must read. Probably the all-time book I've read in the last few years.
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I don't know that I concord with all the arguments the author lays out, merely he does make points worth considering. I don't know nevertheless how I feel about his proposed solutions, but I do feel that we need to do something. Are there better means to incentivize generosity and charitable giving? That's but one idea I take.
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"You need money to brand coin. Considering wealth can be invested and therefore multiplied, money creates a natural wheel in which the rich get richer, stretching out the tail. Those who have cypher to invest simply tin't participate in that cycle and remain clumped at the lesser."
"In every country tested, respondents dramatically underestimated the degree of actual pay inequity. In the United States, for example, people estimated that CEOs earned about 30 times the average worker. In reality, the researchers betoken out, the average CEO earned $12.iii 1000000 in 2012. That is about 350 times the average worker's income of $35,000."
"high inequality is associated with higher rates of crime, greater adventure of stress-related illness, and greater political polarization. These problems degrade the quality of life for everyone, including the affluent. This may be why people are happier in more equal places even after adjusting for their private incomes."
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Nevertheless, THAT SAID - at that place are some really interesting and worth while points and ideas in here with a different perspective that I recall definitely go far worth reading and co
Overall interesting book. I have some differences in opinion with some of the interpretation of the research. Besides, the linguistic communication he uses to describe unmarried maternity is problematic (as though it's a given that single maternity is bad for kids, with the implicit assumption that a cisgender hetero parentage is all-time SMH).However, THAT SAID - in that location are some really interesting and worth while points and ideas in here with a different perspective that I call back definitely make it worth reading and contemplating
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'Where people place themselves on the status ladder is a better predictor of health than their bodily income or didactics.'
In that location is more than than one author in the GoodReads database with this proper noun
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